Pandas Profiling Report

Dataset statistics

Number of variables	9
Number of observations	500
Missing cells	40
Missing cells (%)	0.9%
Duplicate rows	0
Duplicate rows (%)	0.0%
Total size in memory	35.3 KiB
Average record size in memory	72.3 B

Variable types

Numeric	9

Alerts

`GRE Score` is highly correlated with `TOEFL Score` and 6 other fields	High correlation
`TOEFL Score` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 5 other fields	High correlation
`University Rating` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 5 other fields	High correlation
`SOP` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 5 other fields	High correlation
`LOR` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 5 other fields	High correlation
`CGPA` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 6 other fields	High correlation
`Research` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 2 other fields	High correlation
`Chance of Admit` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 6 other fields	High correlation
`GRE Score` is highly correlated with `TOEFL Score` and 6 other fields	High correlation
`TOEFL Score` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 5 other fields	High correlation
`University Rating` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 5 other fields	High correlation
`SOP` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 5 other fields	High correlation
`LOR` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 5 other fields	High correlation
`CGPA` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 6 other fields	High correlation
`Research` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 2 other fields	High correlation
`Chance of Admit` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 6 other fields	High correlation
`GRE Score` is highly correlated with `TOEFL Score` and 3 other fields	High correlation
`TOEFL Score` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 4 other fields	High correlation
`University Rating` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 4 other fields	High correlation
`SOP` is highly correlated with `TOEFL Score` and 4 other fields	High correlation
`LOR` is highly correlated with `SOP`	High correlation
`CGPA` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 4 other fields	High correlation
`Chance of Admit` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 4 other fields	High correlation
`GRE Score` is highly correlated with `TOEFL Score` and 4 other fields	High correlation
`TOEFL Score` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 6 other fields	High correlation
`University Rating` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 5 other fields	High correlation
`SOP` is highly correlated with `TOEFL Score` and 4 other fields	High correlation
`LOR` is highly correlated with `TOEFL Score` and 3 other fields	High correlation
`CGPA` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 5 other fields	High correlation
`Research` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 3 other fields	High correlation
`Chance of Admit` is highly correlated with `GRE Score` and 6 other fields	High correlation
`GRE Score` has 15 (3.0%) missing values	Missing
`TOEFL Score` has 10 (2.0%) missing values	Missing
`University Rating` has 15 (3.0%) missing values	Missing
`Serial No.` is uniformly distributed	Uniform
`Serial No.` has unique values	Unique
`Research` has 220 (44.0%) zeros	Zeros

Reproduction

Analysis started	2022-04-07 05:17:12.784154
Analysis finished	2022-04-07 05:18:16.963694
Duration	1 minute and 4.18 seconds
Software version	pandas-profiling v3.1.0
Download configuration	config.json

Serial No.
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

UNIFORM
UNIQUE

Distinct	500
Distinct (%)	100.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	250.5

Minimum	1
Maximum	500
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1
5-th percentile	25.95
Q1	125.75
median	250.5
Q3	375.25
95-th percentile	475.05
Maximum	500
Range	499
Interquartile range (IQR)	249.5

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	144.4818328
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.5767737835
Kurtosis	-1.2
Mean	250.5
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	125
Skewness	0
Sum	125250
Variance	20875
Monotonicity	Strictly increasing

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	1	0.2%
330	1	0.2%
343	1	0.2%
342	1	0.2%
341	1	0.2%
340	1	0.2%
339	1	0.2%
338	1	0.2%
337	1	0.2%
336	1	0.2%
Other values (490)	490	98.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	1	0.2%
2	1	0.2%
3	1	0.2%
4	1	0.2%
5	1	0.2%
6	1	0.2%
7	1	0.2%
8	1	0.2%
9	1	0.2%
10	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
500	1	0.2%
499	1	0.2%
498	1	0.2%
497	1	0.2%
496	1	0.2%
495	1	0.2%
494	1	0.2%
493	1	0.2%
492	1	0.2%
491	1	0.2%

GRE Score
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
MISSING

Distinct	49
Distinct (%)	10.1%
Missing	15
Missing (%)	3.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	316.5587629

Minimum	290
Maximum	340
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	290
5-th percentile	298
Q1	308
median	317
Q3	325
95-th percentile	335
Maximum	340
Range	50
Interquartile range (IQR)	17

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	11.2747043
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.03561646565
Kurtosis	-0.6844666911
Mean	316.5587629
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	8
Skewness	-0.05168658259
Sum	153531
Variance	127.1189571
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=49)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
312	22	4.4%
324	22	4.4%
322	17	3.4%
321	17	3.4%
316	17	3.4%
327	17	3.4%
314	16	3.2%
320	16	3.2%
311	16	3.2%
325	15	3.0%
Other values (39)	310	62.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
290	2	0.4%
293	1	0.2%
294	2	0.4%
295	5	1.0%
296	5	1.0%
297	6	1.2%
298	10	2.0%
299	8	1.6%
300	12	2.4%
301	10	2.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
340	9	1.8%
339	3	0.6%
338	4	0.8%
337	2	0.4%
336	5	1.0%
335	4	0.8%
334	7	1.4%
333	4	0.8%
332	7	1.4%
331	9	1.8%

TOEFL Score
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
MISSING

Distinct	29
Distinct (%)	5.9%
Missing	10
Missing (%)	2.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	107.1877551

Minimum	92
Maximum	120
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	92
5-th percentile	98
Q1	103
median	107
Q3	112
95-th percentile	118
Maximum	120
Range	28
Interquartile range (IQR)	9

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	6.112899387
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.0570298294
Kurtosis	-0.6645653663
Mean	107.1877551
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	5
Skewness	0.1020677321
Sum	52522
Variance	37.36753892
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=29)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
110	42	8.4%
105	37	7.4%
104	29	5.8%
107	28	5.6%
112	27	5.4%
106	26	5.2%
103	25	5.0%
100	24	4.8%
102	24	4.8%
99	22	4.4%
Other values (19)	206	41.2%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
92	1	0.2%
93	2	0.4%
94	2	0.4%
95	3	0.6%
96	6	1.2%
97	7	1.4%
98	10	2.0%
99	22	4.4%
100	24	4.8%
101	19	3.8%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
120	9	1.8%
119	10	2.0%
118	10	2.0%
117	8	1.6%
116	16	3.2%
115	11	2.2%
114	18	3.6%
113	18	3.6%
112	27	5.4%
111	20	4.0%

University Rating
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
MISSING

Distinct	5
Distinct (%)	1.0%
Missing	15
Missing (%)	3.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	3.121649485

Minimum	1
Maximum	5
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1
5-th percentile	1
Q1	2
median	3
Q3	4
95-th percentile	5
Maximum	5
Range	4
Interquartile range (IQR)	2

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	1.146160209
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.3671649281
Kurtosis	-0.8340454487
Mean	3.121649485
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	1
Skewness	0.0910567357
Sum	1514
Variance	1.313683224
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=5)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3	154	30.8%
2	124	24.8%
4	103	20.6%
5	72	14.4%
1	32	6.4%
(Missing)	15	3.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	32	6.4%
2	124	24.8%
3	154	30.8%
4	103	20.6%
5	72	14.4%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
5	72	14.4%
4	103	20.6%
3	154	30.8%
2	124	24.8%
1	32	6.4%

SOP
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	9
Distinct (%)	1.8%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	3.374

Minimum	1
Maximum	5
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1
5-th percentile	1.5
Q1	2.5
median	3.5
Q3	4
95-th percentile	5
Maximum	5
Range	4
Interquartile range (IQR)	1.5

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.9910036208
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.2937177299
Kurtosis	-0.7057169536
Mean	3.374
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.5
Skewness	-0.2289723963
Sum	1687
Variance	0.9820881764
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=9)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
4	89	17.8%
3.5	88	17.6%
3	80	16.0%
2.5	64	12.8%
4.5	63	12.6%
2	43	8.6%
5	42	8.4%
1.5	25	5.0%
1	6	1.2%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	6	1.2%
1.5	25	5.0%
2	43	8.6%
2.5	64	12.8%
3	80	16.0%
3.5	88	17.6%
4	89	17.8%
4.5	63	12.6%
5	42	8.4%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
5	42	8.4%
4.5	63	12.6%
4	89	17.8%
3.5	88	17.6%
3	80	16.0%
2.5	64	12.8%
2	43	8.6%
1.5	25	5.0%
1	6	1.2%

LOR
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	9
Distinct (%)	1.8%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	3.484

Minimum	1
Maximum	5
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1
5-th percentile	2
Q1	3
median	3.5
Q3	4
95-th percentile	5
Maximum	5
Range	4
Interquartile range (IQR)	1

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.9254495739
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.2656284655
Kurtosis	-0.7457485106
Mean	3.484
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.5
Skewness	-0.1452903146
Sum	1742
Variance	0.8564569138
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=9)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3	99	19.8%
4	94	18.8%
3.5	86	17.2%
4.5	63	12.6%
2.5	50	10.0%
5	50	10.0%
2	46	9.2%
1.5	11	2.2%
1	1	0.2%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	1	0.2%
1.5	11	2.2%
2	46	9.2%
2.5	50	10.0%
3	99	19.8%
3.5	86	17.2%
4	94	18.8%
4.5	63	12.6%
5	50	10.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
5	50	10.0%
4.5	63	12.6%
4	94	18.8%
3.5	86	17.2%
3	99	19.8%
2.5	50	10.0%
2	46	9.2%
1.5	11	2.2%
1	1	0.2%

CGPA
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	184
Distinct (%)	36.8%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	8.57644

Minimum	6.8
Maximum	9.92
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	6.8
5-th percentile	7.638
Q1	8.1275
median	8.56
Q3	9.04
95-th percentile	9.6
Maximum	9.92
Range	3.12
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.9125

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.6048128003
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.07052026253
Kurtosis	-0.5612783981
Mean	8.57644
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.46
Skewness	-0.02661251732
Sum	4288.22
Variance	0.3657985234
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
8.76	9	1.8%
8	9	1.8%
8.12	7	1.4%
8.45	7	1.4%
8.54	7	1.4%
8.56	7	1.4%
8.65	6	1.2%
7.88	6	1.2%
9.11	6	1.2%
9.04	6	1.2%
Other values (174)	430	86.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
6.8	1	0.2%
7.2	1	0.2%
7.21	1	0.2%
7.23	1	0.2%
7.25	1	0.2%
7.28	1	0.2%
7.3	1	0.2%
7.34	2	0.4%
7.36	1	0.2%
7.4	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
9.92	1	0.2%
9.91	1	0.2%
9.87	2	0.4%
9.86	1	0.2%
9.82	1	0.2%
9.8	3	0.6%
9.78	1	0.2%
9.76	2	0.4%
9.74	1	0.2%
9.7	2	0.4%

Research
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
ZEROS

Distinct	2
Distinct (%)	0.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	0.56

Minimum	0
Maximum	1
Zeros	220
Zeros (%)	44.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	0
Q1	0
median	1
Q3	1
95-th percentile	1
Maximum	1
Range	1
Interquartile range (IQR)	1

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.4968840786
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.8872929975
Kurtosis	-1.94901808
Mean	0.56
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0
Skewness	-0.242474921
Sum	280
Variance	0.2468937876
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=2)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	280	56.0%
0	220	44.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	220	44.0%
1	280	56.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	280	56.0%
0	220	44.0%

Chance of Admit
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	61
Distinct (%)	12.2%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	0.72174

Minimum	0.34
Maximum	0.97
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	4.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.34
5-th percentile	0.47
Q1	0.63
median	0.72
Q3	0.82
95-th percentile	0.94
Maximum	0.97
Range	0.63
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.19

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.141140404
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.1955557458
Kurtosis	-0.4546817998
Mean	0.72174
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.1
Skewness	-0.28996621
Sum	360.87
Variance	0.01992061363
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.71	23	4.6%
0.64	19	3.8%
0.73	18	3.6%
0.72	16	3.2%
0.79	16	3.2%
0.78	15	3.0%
0.76	14	2.8%
0.62	13	2.6%
0.94	13	2.6%
0.7	13	2.6%
Other values (51)	340	68.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.34	2	0.4%
0.36	2	0.4%
0.37	1	0.2%
0.38	2	0.4%
0.39	1	0.2%
0.42	4	0.8%
0.43	1	0.2%
0.44	3	0.6%
0.45	3	0.6%
0.46	5	1.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.97	4	0.8%
0.96	8	1.6%
0.95	5	1.0%
0.94	13	2.6%
0.93	12	2.4%
0.92	9	1.8%
0.91	10	2.0%
0.9	9	1.8%
0.89	11	2.2%
0.88	4	0.8%

Spearman's ρ

The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ) is a measure of monotonic correlation between two variables, and is therefore better in catching nonlinear monotonic correlations than Pearson's r. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative monotonic correlation, 0 indicating no monotonic correlation and 1 indicating total positive monotonic correlation.

To calculate ρ for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of the rank variables of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Pearson's r

The Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of linear correlation between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative linear correlation, 0 indicating no linear correlation and 1 indicating total positive linear correlation. Furthermore, r is invariant under separate changes in location and scale of the two variables, implying that for a linear function the angle to the x-axis does not affect r.

To calculate r for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Kendall's τ

Similarly to Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the Kendall rank correlation coefficient (τ) measures ordinal association between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative correlation, 0 indicating no correlation and 1 indicating total positive correlation.

To calculate τ for two variables X and Y, one determines the number of concordant and discordant pairs of observations. τ is given by the number of concordant pairs minus the discordant pairs divided by the total number of pairs.

Phik (φk)

Phik (φk) is a new and practical correlation coefficient that works consistently between categorical, ordinal and interval variables, captures non-linear dependency and reverts to the Pearson correlation coefficient in case of a bivariate normal input distribution. There is extensive documentation available here.

A simple visualization of nullity by column.

Nullity matrix is a data-dense display which lets you quickly visually pick out patterns in data completion.

The correlation heatmap measures nullity correlation: how strongly the presence or absence of one variable affects the presence of another.

The dendrogram allows you to more fully correlate variable completion, revealing trends deeper than the pairwise ones visible in the correlation heatmap.

First rows

	Serial No.	GRE Score	TOEFL Score	University Rating	SOP	LOR	CGPA	Research	Chance of Admit
0	1	337.0	118.0	4.0	4.5	4.5	9.65	1	0.92
1	2	324.0	107.0	4.0	4.0	4.5	8.87	1	0.76
2	3	NaN	104.0	3.0	3.0	3.5	8.00	1	0.72
3	4	322.0	110.0	3.0	3.5	2.5	8.67	1	0.80
4	5	314.0	103.0	2.0	2.0	3.0	8.21	0	0.65
5	6	330.0	115.0	5.0	4.5	3.0	9.34	1	0.90
6	7	321.0	109.0	NaN	3.0	4.0	8.20	1	0.75
7	8	308.0	101.0	2.0	3.0	4.0	7.90	0	0.68
8	9	302.0	102.0	1.0	2.0	1.5	8.00	0	0.50
9	10	323.0	108.0	3.0	3.5	3.0	8.60	0	0.45

Last rows

	Serial No.	GRE Score	TOEFL Score	University Rating	SOP	LOR	CGPA	Research	Chance of Admit
490	491	307.0	105.0	2.0	2.5	4.5	8.12	1	0.67
491	492	297.0	99.0	4.0	3.0	3.5	7.81	0	0.54
492	493	298.0	101.0	4.0	2.5	4.5	7.69	1	0.53
493	494	300.0	95.0	2.0	3.0	1.5	8.22	1	0.62
494	495	301.0	99.0	3.0	2.5	2.0	8.45	1	0.68
495	496	332.0	108.0	5.0	4.5	4.0	9.02	1	0.87
496	497	337.0	117.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	9.87	1	0.96
497	498	330.0	120.0	5.0	4.5	5.0	9.56	1	0.93
498	499	312.0	103.0	4.0	4.0	5.0	8.43	0	0.73
499	500	327.0	113.0	4.0	4.5	4.5	9.04	0	0.84

Overview

Variables

Interactions

Correlations

Spearman's ρ

Pearson's r

Kendall's τ

Phik (φk)

Missing values

Sample

First rows

Last rows